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Headlines from week beginning 16 September 2019 |
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A round up of the top countryside, conservation, wildlife and forestry stories as chosen by the CJS Team.
The awards celebrate both the work of amateur and professional
photographers and the beauty and diversity of British wildlife. Winning
images are chosen from thousands of entries in fifteen separate
categories including a category for film and two junior categories to
encourage young people to connect with nature through photography.
Grey herons thrive around London’s wilder waterways, but they also do
well in more urban settings such as the smaller parks and canals,
despite the litter and large numbers of people walking by. This
individual was hunting in the cover of a bridge – presumably the fish
were taking shelter among the fallen leaves and plastic bottles. The
morning light shining through a grill gives the impression that the bird
is trapped as it gazes out through the mesh. We'll be publishing a selection of the winning images through the week and collating them all here.
Somerset landowner kills fish by tipping chemicals on ground
- Environment Agency Tipping chemicals left over from his plant nursery business onto
gravel ended up in a stream and killing hundreds of fish. A retired plant nursery owner has ended up with a bill of more than
£27,000 for illegally disposing of waste herbicides and pesticides at a
site in Somerset. The chemicals entered a stream and killed more than
270 fish. In September 2017 the Environment Agency received a report of dead
fish in a watercourse known as the London Cross tributary near Combe
Florey, Taunton. Investigating officers found dead lamprey, bullhead,
brown trout, eels, freshwater shrimps and other aquatic invertebrates
that are food for fish. They followed the trail of dead fish and
invertebrates upstream to some pipes draining into a ditch. The next day officers met with the landowner, Michael Cheadle, who
showed them an area of gravel near a polytunnel where he said he’d
disposed of some old chemicals used at his former nursery business
including a fungicide, disinfectant and some fertiliser granules. He
said that afterwards he hosed down the area with water. The gravel was
only 15 metres from the ditch the officers had seen the previous day. The investigation revealed there was a land drain beneath the gravel
where the defendant disposed of the waste pesticides allowing the
chemicals direct access to the ditch and nearby stream. A biological
survey confirmed the pollution had ‘significantly impacted’
approximately 2 miles of watercourse. Some of the species affected,
including eels and lamprey, are endangered.
Calls for animal welfare to feature in Wales’ flood and coastal erosion
plans - RSPCA Cymru Animal welfare must be a key consideration of the Welsh Government’s
new strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk, according to RSPCA
Cymru. The animal welfare charity has
responded to the Welsh Government’s new plans, highlighting the
importance of ensuring communities are prepared to protect animals in
the event of an emergency. Almost half of all households in Wales own at least one animal, and
many may be unwilling to vacate or leave an emergency situation unless
the welfare of their animals was guaranteed. The RSPCA believes incorporating guidance and advice for pet, equine
and farm animal owners, and animal-related businesses, is key in
ensuring animal safety during emergency situations.
Transport Secretary acts on HS2 ancient woodland clearances during
Oakervee review - Department for Transport Removals of ancient woodlands for HS2 stopped during independent
review unless they are absolutely necessary to avoid major cost and
schedule impacts. Secretary of State for Transport Grant Shapps has today (16 September
2019) ordered that removals of ancient woodlands for HS2 be stopped
during the
independent review into the project - unless they are shown to be
absolutely necessary to avoid major cost and schedule impacts, should
the scheme proceed as planned. The Transport Secretary told HS2 Ltd to review its ancient woodlands
clearance programme – and assess what removals can be halted until after
the examination of HS2, led by Doug Oakervee, has reported in autumn. He recognised the concerns of local residents and campaigners that
clearing ancient woodland is irreversible. The Transport Secretary told HS2 Ltd today that these removals will
only be allowed during Oakervee’s work if they are shown to be
absolutely necessary to prevent major cost and schedule impacts. Response:
Woodland Trust gives guarded welcome to pausing of ancient woodland
removal on HS2 "This is a welcome step in the right direction for our ancient
woodlands, but unfortunately these woods remain threatened as HS2 can
still decide for themselves whether works continue or not. Until the
outcome of the review all ancient woodlands should be off limits full
stop. Our welcome is therefore cautious. We thank all our supporters who
have joined us in putting so much pressure on Government to affect this
change of heart. The fact the Secretary of State recognises that
clearing irreplaceable ancient woodland is irreversible is a huge step
in the right direction. We hope HS2 Ltd use this time to consider
engineering solutions that could save these irreplaceable habitats." Ancient woodland is one of our most precious natural habitats. It
cannot be moved. It cannot be replaced. It accounts for just 2.4 per
cent of land in the UK. Ancient woodlands are highly complex ecological
communities that have developed over centuries. At least 108 ancient woods will be affected by HS2 as a whole. There
will be direct loss to at least 63 ancient woods totalling 57.99ha and
damage due to noise, vibration, changes to lighting and dust to a
further 47 woods lying on or near the construction boundaries .
Rare sand lizards released back into the wild
- Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust Children from Puddletown First School and Cheselbourne School in
Dorset assisted conservationists in giving the UK's rarest lizard a
helping hand.
They released 84 sand lizards at the heath within Puddletown Forest
in Dorset, bringing the total number released in the current programme
to 10,000. This work is part of an ongoing partnership to restore the
species to its former range. This was the final of the three programmed releases to reintroduce
the species. Future work will include surveys to see how the animals are doing. The surveys are a long-term process to see if the animals are breeding and gradually starting to increase their range through time. As the heaths are very well managed for all of the native plants and animals we are certain that the sand lizards will also do very well.
Game management doesn’t disturb endangered species, GWCT study finds
– Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust Species of conservation concern, including rare woodland plants and
butterflies, are not negatively affected by game management, a new study
has found. Ecologists from the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT), a
leading research charity in Fordingbridge, discovered the findings
in The effect of game management on the conservation value of woodland
rides. They surveyed 139 woods across two regions - southern and eastern.
Sites in the southern region were in Hampshire and South Wessex, while
sites were located in the Anglian Plain, Breckland, Suffolk coast and
Heaths natural areas in the eastern region. Approximately half of these woods were actively managed for game,
while the other half hadn’t been for the past 25 years. In each wood, they measured the amount and size of the ride habitat,
selected the widest ride in the wood, assessed the level of disturbance
from footfall or vehicles, and recorded the percentage cover of
different plant groups and the number of plant species. They then took these measurements at different locations within the
ride (central, ride side and wood edge) to see the effects of game
management varied between on these different locations and counted the
number of species in the shrub community. Finally, they surveyed the
butterfly community of the ride. These measurements were used to compare
the ride habitat between game and non-game woods. Findings showed the overall amount of ride habitat was not greater in woods managed for game, but the rides present were 20% wider and more open. Lucy Capstick, a research ecologist at GWCT and lead author on the
paper, said: “Overall, game management did not have a consistently
negative effect on species of conservation concern, with the abundance
of butterflies and richness of ancient woodland indicator species
unaffected by game management.” To read the paper in full, click here
Mid & East Antrim sees red as new squirrels make coastal country park
home - Mid & East Antrim Borough Council Carnfunnock Country Park is to become a haven for red squirrels as
the furry friends are reintroduced in a bid to boost numbers across
Northern Ireland.
Despite being present in Ireland for more than 10,000 years, red
squirrels have declined dramatically due to loss of habitat and diseases
spread by the invasive grey squirrel. But a local environmental group alongside Mid and East Antrim Borough
Council, and Cairndhu Golf Club are hoping to change this by
reintroducing the animals with a special immersive, woodland enclosure
at Carnfunnock Country Park on the famous Antrim Coast. Ballygally Biodiversity Group have been working tirelessly for the
past four years to not only raise awareness around the issues facing
reds, but to get involved in this special breeding programme by Belfast
Zoo and to secure this stunning location for the release. Joe Dowdall from the group hopes this project will bring a resurgence
of reds back to this part of County Antrim: “We are delighted to release
these animals here at Carnfunnock Country Park. People have fond
memories of walking through this same woodland as kids and enjoying
watching red squirrels, and hopefully now the future generations to come
can also experience this as the population reinstates itself here. We
have already seen success in Glenarm where the first pilot scheme was
introduced and this is just another step forward in our mission to
ensure the conservation of this beautiful, native species.
Do nature shows deceive us into thinking our planet is fine?
– Bangor University Research into recent BBC and Netflix nature documentaries suggests
that while they increasingly mention threats faced by the natural world,
they rarely show the full extent of human-caused environmental
destruction There is overwhelming scientific consensus that nature is being
severely affected by humans, the rate of species extinctions is
accelerating, and that this has serious impacts. Nature documentaries
have sometimes been criticised for failing to show the true extent of
this environmental loss. A new study found that while recent
high-profile nature documentaries talk more about the threats facing the
inspiring natural wonders portrayed, nature is still mostly visually
depicted as pristine and untouched, potentially resulting in a sense of
complacency among viewers. Researchers from Bangor University, University of Kent, Newcastle
University and University of Oxford analysed Netflix’s Our Planet
alongside BBC’s Dynasties, Planet Earth II and Blue Planet II to
determine the frequency of words that mention environmental threats and
conservation successes. Promotional material for the Netflix series Our
Planet highlights its focus on revealing the key issues that urgently
threaten the existence of natural wonders and wildlife spectacles. While
the series does indeed talk more about threats (and the potential
effectiveness of conservation actions to address these threats) than the
previous BBC offerings analysed, the researchers note that visually the
series is very similar to these BBC documentaries. The rapid conversion
of habitats across the planet and the impacts of humans almost
everywhere is hardly shown.
It’s time for some Acorn Antics! – Natural
Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales (NRW) is asking education and learning groups
to get outside and collect acorns. The annual Acorn Antics project helps NRW plant more trees which have
been grown from local seeds.
It also gives young people the opportunity to learn about, and
connect with, the natural environment in Wales. Ffion Hughes, Specialist Advisor: Education, Learning & Skills,
Natural Resources Wales said: “Re-planting trees in the area they were
found as acorns means they are better suited to the local conditions and
provide the greatest benefit to local wildlife. The project also gives
people the chance to get outside and learn about our natural
environment, while helping to protect it at the same time. Once again,
we’re teaming up with schools and education groups to develop activities
that can teach learners about the environment while they are collecting
acorns.” Seed collections can be organised by all sorts of education and
learning groups such as, schools, Brownies, Scouts or Young Farmers. People can also get involved by donating acorns to their local group
or inviting them to collect acorns from their land. Ffion continued: “Oak trees provide a home for wildlife and help
reduce the effects of climate change by taking in carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere - they can also help reduce flood risk and create great
places for people to relax and enjoy the outdoors. We hope that lots of
groups will want to get outside, raise some money, and help ensure there
will be plenty of Welsh oaks for the future.”
Two-thirds of people support limiting air travel to tackle climate change
– Cardiff University Addressing climate change requires a ‘high’ or ‘extremely high’ level
of urgency, say more than three in five people. Two-thirds of people also support limiting air travel in order to
address climate change, whilst just over half are in support of reducing
the amount of meat in our diets. This is according to results from a YouGov poll commissioned by a
brand new UK research centre set up to examine the social and
behavioural changes needed for a low-carbon and sustainable society. Led by scientists from Cardiff University, the Centre for Climate
Change and Social Transformations (CAST) will explore ways in which
people can act directly to reduce their own carbon emissions, as well as
influence other people, organisational decisions, and policies. The centre has also been praised by climate activist Greta Thunberg
who, in a special recorded message, described CAST as ‘extremely
important and essential’ to helping achieve the drastic changes in our
lifestyles to combat the climate crisis. The £5m ESRC-funded centre is a collaboration between Cardiff,
Manchester, York and East Anglia Universities, as well as the charity
Climate Outreach.
Community pulls together to safeguard seals – Scottish Natural
Heritage
Up to 2,000 grey seals haul out on the sand banks of the Ythan at
Forvie National Nature Reserve (NNR) to rest, creating a wonderful
opportunity for wildlife watching. Concerns have frequently been raised about the potential for the
seals to be disturbed by visitors walking down the north shore of the
river. Past incidents have resulted in hundreds of seals rushing
into the water which is both detrimental to the seals and spoils the
experience for others. Grey Seal bull resting ©Lorne GIll/SNH In response to these concerns, SNH is working with the newly formed
Newburgh and Ythan Community Trust and other local partners to improve
the car park, paths and viewing points on the Newburgh beach side of the
Ythan, near the haul out site. From this location wildlife lovers have the best view of the seals
across the river while also ensuring that they are not scared off the
beach. David Pickett, SNH’s Forvie nature reserve manager, said: “Seeing
thousands of seals hauled up together on the beach is truly amazing and
we’d encourage people to experience this unforgettable encounter with
nature. “We’ve been working with the local community over the last few years
to help people enjoy this spectacle without disturbing the seals.
Further improvements will make it even easier for people to find the
best place to see the seals.”
Project to protect native White-clawed crayfish in Derbyshire A partnership project to conserve native white-clawed crayfish in
Derbyshire has completed its second successful year with the removal of
2,000 non-native invasive signal crayfish from Markeaton Lake in Derby –
double the amount it removed in 2018. The Signal Crayfish Removal Project led by the National Trust, aims
to support the recovery of white-clawed crayfish by preventing signal
crayfish from expanding into the upstream Markeaton Brook and Kedleston
Lakes where the native species are known to be found. Native
white-clawed crayfish have been in decline since non-native American
signal crayfish escaped into UK waters in the 1970s. These larger,
invasive crayfish outcompete native species for food and habitat and
carry a disease fatal to the UK species. Louise Hill, Biodiversity Officer at the Environment Agency in the
East Midlands said: “Last year the project in Markeaton Lake saw the
capture of around 1,000 signal crayfish. This year we have doubled this
to 2,000, which is a great result. After two years there are indications
that the numbers and size of the non-native crayfish are reducing. We
have been working with the National Trust, Derby City Council,
Derbyshire Wildlife Trust, Earl of Harrington Angling Club, University
of Derby and Nottingham Trent University and next year sees the final
year of the project. While the signs of change are encouraging, we still
have a long way to go until we are satisfied that our native crayfish
populations are fully protected. We are also looking at a number of
measures to further secure the future of the White-clawed crayfish,
including the creation of ‘ark’ sites to relocate them to areas where
they will be free from invaders.”
New research shows that at least £3 billion is needed for
nature-friendly farming - The Wildlife Trusts The Wildlife Trusts, RSPB and National Trust have today called on the
UK government to support our farmers and land managers to help restore
nature and tackle climate change on their land. Three of the country’s largest conservation charities have today
called on the UK government to put its money where its mouth is – after
new figures reveal that at least £3 billion is needed to support our
farmers and land managers to help restore nature and tackle climate
change on their land. The UK currently spends around £3.2 billion a year on both farm
income support and environmental payments under the EU Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP). New data published today reveals that we need
to re-invest this money to support nature-friendly farming. The RSPB, National Trust and The Wildlife Trusts say a long-term
financial commitment to pay farmers and land managers is needed if they
are to help the UK Government and devolved administrations meet their
respective commitments to recover the natural environment and address
the climate crisis. Reaction:
CLA responds to
'Nature Friendly' farming report from National Trust, The Wildlife
Trusts and RSPB Responding to the policy paper by the RSPB, National Trust and
Wildlife Trusts, Paying for Public Goods from environmental land
management in England, Country Land and Business Association (CLA)
President Tim Breitmeyer said:
Shifting the focus of climate-change strategies may benefit younger
generations -
Imperial College London Strategies to limit climate change that focus on warming in the next
couple of decades would leave less of a burden for future generations. Research led by Imperial College London and the International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria, suggests a new
underpinning logic for strategies that seek to limit climate change.
Their new proposal is published today in Nature. Most strategies seek to limit climate change by the year 2100. The
strategies may include tactics such as deployment of new renewable
technologies, removing carbon from the atmosphere (through planting
trees or new technologies), or mandating energy efficiency targets. However, by focusing on the year 2100, these strategies are
inconsistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal – to keep warming
below 2°C, and ideally below 1.5°C, at any time in the future. Read the paper: Joeri Rogelj, Daniel
Huppmann, Volker Krey, Keywan Riahi, Leon Clarke, Matthew Gidden,
Zebedee Nicholls & Malte Meinshausen
A new
scenario logic for the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal.
Nature 10.1038/s41586-019-1541-4
National Parks need ‘resurgence of nature’ -
Yorkshire Dales National Park Natural England leader Tony Juniper has told the UK
National Parks Conference that National Parks need to be
“distinctively better” places for nature. Addressing delegates at the three-day meeting in the Yorkshire Dales,
he said the ‘door was open’ for National Park Authorities to work more
closely with Natural England – and that now was ‘an exciting moment to
do things in a radically different way’. “These places of tranquillity and beauty – National Parks – have
become too tranquil. Thirty years ago there was more bird song,
more insects buzzing. A lot is missing from our landscapes; in
many cases the wildlife is seriously depleted. We need a
resurgence of nature in National Parks. The [proposed new] Environmental
Land Management system could be a hugely powerful tool to join the dots.
The post-war industrialisation and intensification of agriculture - done
for good reasons at the time - has caused loss of biodiversity. We
should be thinking big – and we need to up the joint-working.”
Georgina Umney, a member of the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust’s
‘Tomorrow’s Natural Leaders programme’, spoke about the impact of
climate warming and biodiversity loss on her generation: “The
dreams we had growing up - we can’t face them, because of the
overwhelming climate crisis,” she said. She spoke of the opportunities
for National Park Authorities and other bodies to do more to enable
young people to get involved in conservation. National Parks could
feel like ‘stagnant’ places for young people, as they were often
marketed as ‘places to visit, not places to touch or influence’. Delegates were then shown a video showcasing the special qualities of
the Yorkshire Dales National Park view this here:
https://youtu.be/nT2sTUv2QmQ
Weekend of activity to tackle bird of prey persecution
- North Yorkshire Police
Activity across the weekend aims to raise public awareness of bird of
prey persecution – how to spot the signs, record any instances and
report it to the police. Launched in February 2018, Operation Owl is a joint initiative by
North Yorkshire Police, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
(RSPB) and the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (RSPCA),
together with the North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales National Parks.
The initiative set out to raise awareness of raptor persecution,
encouraging the public to be vigilant for signs of this criminal
activity, and to report suspicious activity to the police. In June this year, Operation Owl was rolled out nationally and this
awareness weekend will be the first event of its kind outside of North
Yorkshire. More than 25 police forces across the length and breadth of the UK
are currently signed up to take part in awareness raising activity,
joining with North Yorkshire to take a stand against bird of prey
persecution. Head of the UK National Wildlife Crime Unit, Chief Inspector Lou
Hubble OBE, said: "Tackling Raptor Persecution is a UK Wildlife Crime
Priority. I am deeply frustrated that we continue to see some of
our most iconic birds being persecuted including Golden eagles, Red
kites, Buzzards and Goshawks. It's 2019 and here in the UK Hen
Harriers are close to extinction through continued persecution. We
need to make these crimes socially unacceptable in all communities.
Please be our eyes and ears on the ground and report anything suspicious
to the Police." For more information about Operation Owl, and what to look out for in
identifying bird of prey persecution, please visit
www.operationowl.com
"Thermal Imaging: Bat Survey Guidelines" published
- Bat Conservation Trust Dr Kayleigh Fawcett has recently published guidelines in association
with Bat Conservation Trust on Thermal Imaging for Bat Surveys. These
are primarily intended for use by ecological consultants surveying for
bats; however, the methods described can also be applied to bat
conservation and research. The document is also intended to inform those
assessing and evaluating the results of thermal imaging bat surveys,
including local government ecologists, planning officers and government
officials, among others. One of the aims of this document is to give
stakeholders a better understanding of thermal imaging, and how it can
and should be applied, in order to create meaningful survey results.
click hereto download a copy
New Study Finds U.S. and Canada Have Lost More Than One In Four Birds in
the Past 50 Years - 3 Billion Birds .org Data show that since 1970, the U.S. and Canada have lost nearly 3
billion birds, a massive reduction in abundance involving hundreds of
species, from beloved backyard songbirds to long-distance migrants. A study published today (19/9/19) in the journal Science reveals that
since 1970, bird populations in the United States and Canada have
declined by 29 percent, or almost 3 billion birds, signaling a
widespread ecological crisis. The results show tremendous losses across
diverse groups of birds and habitats — from iconic songsters such as
meadowlarks to long-distance migrants such as swallows and backyard
birds including sparrows.
“Multiple, independent lines of evidence show a massive reduction in
the abundance of birds,” said Ken Rosenberg, the study’s lead author and
a senior scientist at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and American Bird
Conservancy. “We expected to see continuing declines of threatened
species. But for the first time, the results also showed pervasive
losses among common birds across all habitats, including backyard
birds.” The study notes that birds are indicators of environmental health,
signaling that natural systems across the U.S. and Canada are now being
so severely impacted by human activities that they no longer support the
same robust wildlife populations. The findings show that of nearly 3 billion birds lost, 90 percent
belong to 12 bird families, including sparrows, warblers, finches, and
swallows — common, widespread species that play influential roles in
food webs and ecosystem functioning, from seed dispersal to pest
control. Read the paper: Rosenberg, K. V., A. M.
Dokter, P. J. Blancher, J. R. Sauer, A. C. Smith, P. A. Smith, J. C.
Stanton, A. Panjabi, L. Helft, M. Parr, and P. P. Marra. 2019.
Decline of the North American avifauna. Science 365(6461). doi:
10.1126/science.aaw1313
Natural Resources Wales (NRW) has released details of new general
licences to control some wild birds in Wales. The licences themselves will be published on NRW’s website on Monday
7 October and this follows a two-week window which will allow licence
holders to consider which of the new licences they will need. The new licences mean that people who need to use lethal methods to
control wild birds can do so legally – and they will need to make sure
they comply with the new licences as the old ones will no longer be
valid from the 7 October. They could be breaking the law if they kill or
take birds using their old general licences. All wild birds are protected by law, but in certain circumstances
lethal controls can be used when all other non-lethal options have
failed or been proven not to work. However, legal advice showed the old licences were not lawful and had
to be changed. The licensing system has two main strands – general licences and
specific licences. General licences can be used to control bird species to protect
public health and safety, to prevent serious agricultural damage and
disease, and to protect other wildlife. These will continue to be the
licences most people use. The main change to the general licences is that users no longer need
to confirm that they have tried all other non-lethal methods of control
because NRW, after reviewing all the evidence, is now satisfied that no
other methods work effectively in these circumstances. On the 7 October 2019, we will make some important changes to general
licences for wild bird control. We have removed some bird species and
changed the activities covered by the licence. We recommend that users
review the new licences so that they understand the changes. Scientific Publications Jansen, F, Bonn, A, Bowler, DE, Bruelheide, H, Eichenberg, D.
Moderately common plants show highest relative losses. Conservation
Letters. 2019;e12674 doi:10.1111/conl.12674
Wongbusarakum, S, Brown, V, Loerzel, A, et al.
Achieving social and ecological goals of coastal management through
integrated monitoring. J Appl Ecol. 2019; 00: 1– 10. doi:
.1111/1365-2664.13494 Open access
Sykes, L. , Santini, L. , Etard, A. and Newbold, T. (2019),
Effects of rarity form on species’ responses to land use.
Conservation Biology. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi:10.1111/cobi.13419
Girndt, A. , Cockburn, G. , Sánchez-Tójar, A. , Hertel, M. , Burke,
T. and Schroeder, J. (2019),
Male age and its association with reproductive traits in captive and
wild house sparrows. J Evol Biol. Accepted Author Manuscript.
doi:10.1111/jeb.13542
Wongbusarakum, S, Brown, V, Loerzel, A, et al. Achieving
social and ecological goals of coastal management through integrated
monitoring. J Appl Ecol. 2019; 00: 1– 10.
doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13494
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CJS is not responsible for content of external sites. Details believed correct but given without prejudice. Disclaimer: the views expressed in these news pages do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CJS. |
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Sand
lizard (image: ARC Trust)
Image:
Mid and East Antrim Borough Council
Image:
Natural Resources Wales
Scottish
Natural Heritage (SNH) has teamed up with a local community to help
people enjoy one of Scotland’s best wildlife spectacles responsibly.
Natural
England Chair Tony Juniper addresses the UK National Parks Conference
2019 (image: Yorkshire Dales NPA)
This
weekend (21 – 22 September) North Yorkshire will be leading a national
Operation Owl awareness campaign to seek the public’s support in
tackling illegal bird of prey persecution.
Sanderling
by Andy Eckerson, Macaulay Library at Cornell Lab of Ornithology
